Wildlife Articles
On this Page: The Wall Lizards Podarcis of the Iberian Peninsula Anthophora plumipes A guide to Norfolk's Crickets Nick's Beemails, Wasp Spider , Ivy Bee
All content and images are ©Perry Fairman Ecological Experiences unless otherwise indicated
Wall Lizards Introduction

In May 2018 a trip to Spain see (The Spanish Pyrenees, Belchite Plains & the Ebro Delta) included three main areas: Spanish Pyrenees, Belchite Plains and the Ebro Delta. Several species of Lizards were seen and photographed here, as they had been in previous visits to Spain.
In all cases, I am lucky enough to have someone to identify these Lizards in Mike Linley who is a very well respected Herpetologist and wildlife film-maker.
On returning from the trip I consulted Mike and was given privy to a distribution map, that at the time had yet to be published. With his help and from the map's details I was able to identify the Wall Lizards I had seen.
I hope that in publishing this map and introduction from Mike it may help others, in going some way to identifying what they see on the Iberian Peninsular.
The Wall Lizards Podarcis of the Iberian Peninsula
MIke Linley
Many of the reptiles observed by birdwatchers as they travel through Spain and Portugal are both relatively easily observed and readily identifiable. Not so the ubiquitous “Wall Lizard”, often spotted either basking in the sun or scuttling up the favoured habitat of rocks, walls, and buildings.
When I was a schoolboy a single species, Lacerta muralis, was said to be distributed over much of Europe, including the whole of Spain and Portugal. But even then, on my family holidays, it was clear to me that there was a huge variety in their colouration and markings depending on their location. Now, after several years of work, a friend of mine, Vicente Sancho and others, has separated and identified the species that occur throughout the Iberian Peninsula, all now assigned to the Genus Podarcis.
The geography of Iberia, high mountains and sierras, rivers and valleys have led to isolation and speciation over millions of years and several ‘ice ages’. Below is the distribution map of Podarcis in Spain and Portugal which you might find useful on your travels in the future.
If you’d like to read more and see photographs of the species, you can view them here.
https://esoescomotodo.jimdofree.com/reptiles/podarcis-hispanica/
Mike Linley.
Anthophora plumipes is the name I have always known this Bee as, after identifying it some years ago from Michael Chinery’s book: ‘Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe’. Since those days, the vast majority (if not all!) of Bees have ‘common names’, but I can’t see how the name of Hairy-footed Flower Bee really helps to identify it, or to narrow it down as a ‘flower bee’!
However, this attractive and in my mind charismatic Bee is very sexually dimorphic (males and females appearing completely different) early-emerging species (March-early June).
I will leave the description to Dr. Nick Owens from his book, ‘The Bees of Norfolk (pp 174 and for further information), which says:
Females have black hair except for the hind tibia and tarsus, which have orange pollen collecting hairs and the tongue is very long in both sexes.
Males are largely ginger-brown and are often mistaken for Carder Bumblebees. They have a large area of pale yellow on the long face and a pale yellow marking beneath the antennal scape. They often have long hairs on the mid tibia, giving the species its common name.
I usually see these Bees visiting Flowering Currant flowers or those of Three-cornered Leeks in my garden in Martham, Norfolk but for a more comprehensive look at A. plumipes flower preferences see:
The Foraging Preferences of the Hairy-footed Flower Bee (Anthophora plumipes (Pallas 1772) in a suburban garden, by Maggie Frankum, 3 Chapel Lane, Knighton, Leicester LE2 3WF
This will also give you an idea of what plants to include in your garden, in order to attract these Bees.
In addition to A. plumipes flower preferences, there is also a way to encourage them to nest in your garden (which I have only recently learnt about), via ‘Mud Bricks’ (Cobs) ‘invented’ by John Walters.
Dr. Nick Owens first told me about these structures and suggests the following:
‘You need just clay soil, dead grass, pebbles/gravel and water. Mix it in a bucket then make a mould for the brick/s out of wood or tiles. It needs to be about 15 cm from front to back. Leave it in the sun to dry then push a bamboo cane in to make holes of about 5 – 10 cm deep while the brick is still soft. The Bees will use the holes and excavate brood cells leading from these.’
I can see different ‘recipes’ evolving over time for these excellent additions to the garden for our declining Bee population, but for John Walter’s ‘recipe’ see his
You Tube video.
As a former teacher, I can see the benefit of these ‘Bee-bricks’ for informing school pupils about Solitary Bees and the creation of them is a very good practical lesson along with continued observation and differing levels of theory for differentiation purposes.
Thanks to Dr. Nick Owens for telling me about the ‘mud brick’ nesting site and his knowledge. Also, to John Walters for his terrific invention and enhancement of gardening for Bees and Maggie Frankum for her article on Foraging Preferences.
A guide to Norfolk's Bush Crickets
Bush Crickets have very long antennae, often exceeding the body length. Females have a ‘blade-shaped’ ovipositor at the end of the abdomen for egg-laying. Adults can be found between July and November, although the nymph stages can be found before this, particularly Dark Bush Crickets.
Oak Bush Cricket Meconema thalassinum
A small delicate Cricket, which is mainly pale green with a yellowish-white stripe on the dorsal side of the body, found in woodlands, hedgerows and gardens. Can be seen during the day but also at night when I have seen them coming through an open window, drawn by the light.
Great Green Bush-cricket Tettigonia viridissima
A large Cricket, which has a pale brown stripe along its back, and the wings exceed the length of the abdomen. Found in grassland, overgrown hedgerows with Brambles and also in reedbeds. Only found in a few places in Norfolk, particularly around the Reedham area.

Dark Bush-cricket Pholidoptera griseoaptera
A bulky dark brown Cricket found in woodland edges and hedgerows (where it tends to favour Brambles) and rough grassland. I have had this cricket turn up in the kitchen sink after being drawn to light on one occasion.
Roesel’s Bush-cricket Metrioptera roeselii
A dark brown dorsal area with a cream margin around the sides of the dark pronotum and three pale spots on the sides of the thorax are what to look for in this species. It is found in rough grassland and indeed lush grassland especially next to water (e.g. Thompson Common’s Pingos) and in roadside vegetation.
Bog Bush-cricket Metrioptera brachyptera
A brown and green cricket with green underside and the rear side of the pronotum has a cream edge. Look for this cricket in damp heathlands (e.g. Holt Lowes). Due to the habitat preference, this species is much localised.

Long-winged Cone-head Conocephalus discolour
A slender green cricket with a brown dorsal stripe. The long brown wings extend beyond the abdomen. Found in both dry and damp grasslands, reedbeds, heathland and woodland edge. Once uncommon in Norfolk but it has extended its range quite considerably. I saw my first one ever when it landed on my arm at Horsey!
Short-winged Cone-head Conocephalus dorsalis
A small, slender green cricket, with a brown dorsal stripe and wings, which only stretch half way along the abdomen (unlike Long-winged Cone-head). Found in Sand dunes (e.g. Winterton North Dunes along the pool edges), marshes and along the edges and in reedbeds (e.g. Hickling Weaver’s Way).
Speckled Bush Cricket Leptophyes punctatissima
This is a bulky, green cricket with a brown dorsal stripe and dark speckles over the whole body. Woodlands, hedgerows and gardens are favoured and again like some of the aforementioned species Brambles are a good place to look.
These series of Beemails from Nick (2020) can now be used as a guide to Bees during their flight times at different months of the year (Scroll down to find the month or period you require).
Nick is the Norfolk County Recorder for Bumblebees- records of Bombus species can be sent to him with photographs (where possible) at: owensnw7@gmail.com
All Images on Nick's Beemails ©Nick Owens
September-October
There are three Colletes species (plasterer bees) which are active in late summer: the Ivy Bee (Colletes hederae), the Heather Bee (Colletes succinctus) and the Sea Aster Bee (Colletes halophilus). All nest in large aggregations, sometimes in the thousands. The three species look very similar, with rich brown hair on the thorax and a white stripy abdomen. They are best distinguished by the pollen they are collecting. Males and females are very similar but males have longer antennae and lack pollen-collecting hairs (the scopa) on their hind legs. The Ivy Bee reached Norfolk in 2013 and is now very common throughout the county. Nests are often made on banks or lawns with their large numbers producing an audible buzz. The bees are very unlikely to sting. They collect pollen almost entirely from Ivy. The Heather Bee is a well-established species but confined largely to heathland and heather covered dunes such as those at Winterton. They take pollen from Ling Heather but also sometimes from other flowers. The Sea Aster Bee can be found wherever there is a large amount of this plant growing on saltmarshes or the edge of brackish lagoons on the coast. Pollen is taken almost entirely from Sea Aster.
Epeolus Variegated Cuckoo Bees (such as Epeolus cruciger) are cleptoparasites of Colletes species, laying eggs in the pollen collected by their host.
July and August
July and August see the appearance of several summer bees which specialise in particular flowers. Norfolk is a good place to find two Andrena species which are scabious specialists: they take pollen only from Knautia arvensis Field Scabious, Scabiosa columbaria Small Scabious or Succisa pratensis Devilsbit Scabious. The Large Scabious Bee Andrena hattorfiana is easily recognised by its large loads of pink pollen when foraging on Field Scabious. The Small Scabious Bee Andrena marginata more often uses Small Scabious which has pale pollen. It is sometimes accompanied by the very rare Nomad bee Nomada argentata. The Brecks and the coast are the best places to look, but the Large Scabious Bee is also present in Earlham Cemetery. Another Andrena to look out for, which first appeared in Norfolk this year, is Andrena florea the Bryony Mason Bee – a specialist on White Bryony flowers.
Other pollen specialists in Norfolk include three members of the Blunthorn Bees – Melitta species: Melitta haemorrhoidalis Gold-tailed Melitta, Melitta leporina Clover Melitta and Melitta tricincta Red Bartsia Melitta. The first takes pollen from Harebells and other Campanulaceae, the second favours White Clover while the third takes pollen only from Red Bartsia. All three species seem to be steadily increasing in the county. Again they have a specific Nomad cleptoparasite, Nomada flavopicta.
Andrena hattorfiana F. Andrena marginata F.
Nomada argentata Melitta leporina M.
Dasypoda hirtipes F. Panurgus banksianus M.
Megachile ligniseca F.
Two rather local bee species to be looked for are Dasypoda hirtipes Pantaloon Bee and Panurgus banksianus Large Shaggy Bee. Both specialise on yellow Asteraceae such as Field Sowthistle and Common Catsear.
Other bees to look for in the summer months are the Leaf-cutter Bees Megachile species and of course bumblebees, including cuckoo bumblebees. Leaf-cutters often nest in bee hotels, constructing their nests out of pieces of leaf cut from roses and other plants. 
Osmia species in NorfolkScientific name Falk & Lewington name Scopa Eye-colour female Eye-colour male Nest Nest partitions Bee Hotel Pollen Notes
Osmia caerulescens Blue Mason Bee Black Dark Green Cavity in stems Leaf mastic Yes Varied Female large head blue tint
Osmia leaiana Orange-vented Mason Bee Orange Dark Dark Cavity in stem Leaf mastic Yes Asteraceae Female heavily puncturedOsmia spinulosa Spined Mason Bee Orange Blue Blue Snail shell Leaf mastic Asteraceae Male spine underbody
Osmia bicolor Red-tailed Mason Bee Orange Dark Dark Snail shell Leaf mastic Fabaceae Nest wig-wam of stems
Osmia bicornis Red Mason Bee Pale orange Dark Dark Cavity in stems Mud Yes Varied Female horns
